Air Entrained Concrete: When it’s necessary and how to avoid surface pitting

Air-entrained concrete is a special mix that includes tiny, controlled voids inside the paste. These voids are created by air-entraining admixtures during mixing. They are distinct from entrapped air, which is not designed to help with durability.

Read the mix ticket and supplier data to spot terms like air-entrained, entrained air, or air content percentages. The purpose of the voids is to improve freeze-thaw resistance and reduce surface scaling, though they can affect strength and workability. Verify the target air content and how climate, exposure, and traffic type influence the specification.

Definition and types of air voids

Air voids in concrete are tiny, controlled spaces that improve durability. They’re different from larger, unwanted entrapped bubbles.

Microscopic Air Void Systems: These are the desired voids, introduced by admixtures. They’re small (0.1-1 mm), evenly distributed, and connected to each other.

Entrapped Bubbles: Larger, unwanted air pockets that form during mixing or placement. They weaken concrete and can lead to issues like honeycombing.

How air is introduced (admixtures vs mixing)

Air voids are created using chemical admixtures and proper mixing techniques. Here’s how:

Chemical Air-Entraining Admixtures: These are added during concrete batching. They lower the surface tension of water, allowing it to hold onto air particles as tiny bubbles.

Proper Mixing: In a ready-mix plant or on-site, the concrete must be mixed long enough (usually 3-6 minutes) for these bubbles to form and distribute evenly throughout the mix. Overmixing can break down the air void system.

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Exposure conditions such as freeze–thaw cycles and de-icing salts typically require air entrainment. Coastal salt spray and high moisture on site also push toward an air-entrained mix. Check the project specs and local exposure classifications for guidance.

Air entrainment may be optional indoors or in non-freeze climates, but confirm with the engineer before changing mix design. Specify target air content and consider how it affects slump, strength, and finishing. Plan for testing and curing to preserve the air void system.

Climate and exposure indicators

Air entrainment is crucial when concrete faces harsh climate conditions. Here’s what to consider:

Frost cycles: Repeated freezing and thawing can cause concrete to crack and crumble. Air-entrained concrete resists this.

Wetting and drying

Frequent wetting and drying also weakens concrete. Air entrainment helps maintain strength under these conditions.

Salt sources: Coastal areas or places that use de-icing salts in winter benefit from air-entrained concrete to prevent scaling and spalling.

Applications and structural considerations

Air entrainment is often specified for these common elements:

Exterior slabs: Sidewalks, driveways, and parking lots exposed to weather need air-entrained mixes.

Exposed finishes: Architectural concrete that’s not protected by other structures or coatings should be air-entrained.

However, it might not be necessary for:

Indoor floors: Controlled environments don’t typically require air entrainment.

Low-alkali environments: Consult with your engineer if the project is in a low-alkali area.

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The mechanism is simple: small, well-distributed air voids relieve hydraulic pressure during freezing and reduce tensile stresses that cause surface damage. These voids help limit scaling and pitting on exposed surfaces. Industry guidance sets expectations for void characteristics and performance.

Standard references like ASTM C231 and ASTM C457 outline what to measure and how to interpret results. The mix design, admixture type, and dosing influence how air is entrained and distributed in the concrete. Verify with field and lab checks to ensure durability targets are met.

The air-void system: function and key characteristics

Air voids in concrete, formed by air-entraining admixtures, act like tiny, built-in pressure relief valves. When water inside the concrete freezes, it expands. Air voids give this expanding ice room to move, relieving hydraulic pressure.

Key characteristics of these voids are crucial for their effectiveness:

• Size: Too small, and they can’t hold enough water; too large, and they become weak points. Standards like ASTM C457 specify a target range of 10-300 microns.
• Distribution: Voids should be evenly spread throughout the concrete to distribute freeze-thaw stress uniformly.
• Connectivity: Some connectivity between voids helps water move, but too much can weaken the concrete. ASTM C457 sets a target spacing factor of 20-30.

Trade-offs and performance limits

Air entrainment isn’t free. It affects other aspects of concrete performance:

Finishability: Too much air can make concrete hard to finish, with a rough surface. Over-entraining also weakens the concrete’s surface, making it more susceptible to damage.

Strength: Air voids take up space that could be filled with stronger materials like cement or aggregates. This reduces the concrete’s compressive strength. To balance entrainment with other performance goals, consult mix design guidance from sources like ACI or PCI.

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De-icing salts interact chemically by promoting chloride ingress and corrosion potential, and physically by creating brine that lowers the freezing point and promotes repeated thaw–freeze cycles. These effects accelerate surface distress beyond what voids alone can fully counter. Salt exposure speeds microcracking and scaling.

Air voids help but are not a cure-all for heavy salt exposure. Combine proper mix choices, sealing, and drainage with mindful de-icer use to reduce risk. Consider alternative de-icers and timely maintenance as part of your protection strategy.

Types of Salts and Their Effects

De-icing salts come in two main types: chlorides and alternatives. Chloride-based de-icers like sodium chloride (rock salt) are common but harsh on concrete.

Chlorides lower the freezing point of water, but repeated or concentrated application can speed up deterioration. They cause:

• Corrosion of reinforcing steel due to chloride ingress.
• Increased saturation and thaw-freeze cycling, leading to surface pitting and scaling.

Alternatives, like calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) or potassium acetate, are gentler but often more expensive. They lower the freezing point less effectively than chlorides.

Best Practices for De-Icer Use

To minimize harm to your concrete, follow these best practices:

1. Check product labels: Ensure the de-icer is safe for concrete and follows local guidelines.

2. Apply sparingly: Too much de-icer can cause more damage than good. Use just enough to melt ice and snow.

3. Spread evenly: Even distribution prevents localized damage from concentrated salt applications.

4. Time application wisely: Apply de-icers before snowfall or when temperatures are below freezing for best results. Avoid applying when rain is expected, as it can wash salts into the ground and cause efflorescence.

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Air entrainment is central to preventing near-surface voids and pitting. Aim for a target air content appropriate for exposure to freeze–thaw or de-icing salts. Keep the focus on comprehensive protection, not just the air content number.

Before pour day, verify the chosen air-entraining admixture dose, batch records, slump target, and consistent air content. Plan placement to minimize segregation and avoid over-consolidation that traps voids near the surface.

Mix design and admixture compatibility

When designing your concrete mix, it’s crucial to select the right air-entraining admixture (AEA) that plays nice with other ingredients. Here’s how:

Check AEA compatibility: Ensure your chosen AEA is compatible with your cement type and any other admixtures you’re using. Some AEAs don’t mix well with certain accelerators or retarding agents.

Confirm targets with the supplier: Once you’ve picked your AEA, double-check the target air content with the supplier or spec. They can provide guidance based on their product’s performance and your specific application.

Placement and finishing tips for durable surfaces

Proper placement and finishing techniques help prevent surface pitting. Here are some key practices:

Manage bleed water: During placement, keep an eye on bleed water. Too much can lead to weak surface paste. Use proper consolidation to drive it down.

Time your finishing: Start troweling when the concrete is still plastic but has lost its sheen. This helps avoid closing off the surface and trapping air voids.

Avoid overworking: Be gentle with your finish. Aggressive working can expose weak paste or trap coarse air, leading to pitting later on.

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After a pour, the big pitting protection comes from surface sealers, routine cleaning, and drainage improvements that limit salt getting into the concrete. Choose between penetrating and film-forming sealers, and plan for a dry, clean surface before sealing—then account for winter de-icer use so moisture and salts can be managed. Seal only when the slab has cured, and tailor your drainage and slope tweaks to keep standing water and runoff away from the edge of the slab.

This matters because good prep and monitoring pay off with fewer pits and less maintenance later. Use the right sealer that plays nice with moisture and de-icers, keep up with cleaning, and fix drainage so salt-laden runoff doesn’t sit on the surface. Avoid sealing on damp surfaces, using incompatible products, or skipping drainage work, and you’ll spot issues before they turn into big problems.

Routine maintenance and winter protocols

Maintaining your concrete during winter involves regular cleaning, controlled de-icer use, and proper drainage. Here’s a simple checklist:

Regular cleaning (every 6 months): Remove dirt, stains, and salt residue to prevent buildup.

Winter protocol: Use de-icers sparingly and opt for ones with lower corrosion rates like calcium magnesium acetate or potassium acetate. Apply them when necessary, not as a preventive measure.

Inspect and re-seal (every 2-3 years): Check your concrete annually for signs of pitting. Reapply sealer every 2 to 3 years, depending on wear and tear.

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Defining pitting, scaling, spalling, and cracking helps you choose repairs wisely. Salt exposure tends to worsen deterioration, so look for quick diagnostic signs and patterns. Use a systematic inspection approach to determine extent.

Document the damage, assess depth, and decide between cosmetic patching, resurfacing, or full-depth repair. When in doubt, especially with structural concerns, bring in a professional for evaluation and guidance on repair scope and cure.”

Repair options and when to choose each

Repairs depend on damage severity. Start small, but know when to call a pro.

Minor pitting/scaling: Clean affected areas, patch with compatible concrete repair mortars, seal to prevent further ingress. This is DIY-friendly.

For moderate damage: Consider overlay or resurfacing. This involves applying a new layer of concrete over the old. It’s more involved but can be done by experienced DIYers.

Severe damage/structural issues: Full-depth repair or replacement may be needed. This is complex and often requires professional help. Contain further salt ingress with interim measures like sealants until full repair is possible.

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Identify the relevant air content tests and guidance from standards bodies. Common references include air-entrained concrete procedures and tolerance expectations for placement conditions. Keep notes organized for easy quote comparison.

Ask suppliers for target air-void ranges, approved admixtures, and test documentation. Plan who performs testing, how often, and how results are recorded and verified against contract specs. Collect quotes by detailing scope and expected air-void performance without locking in prices.