Concrete Walks for Your Furry Friend When is it Safe for Dogs to Step On

Concrete Walks for Your Furry Friend: When is it Safe for Dogs to Step On?



Introduction

For many homeowners, concrete stands out as the preferred material for constructing safe and long-lasting pathways for pets. Its resilience against various weather conditions and its capacity to create a stable walking surface make it particularly suitable for outdoor environments. However, after pouring new concrete—whether for a driveway, patio, or walkway—there is a vital waiting period that must be respected before allowing pets to use it. This is especially pertinent for dog owners who need to understand how long they should wait before their dogs can safely walk on newly poured concrete without jeopardizing their health or damaging the surface.

Grasping the concrete curing process is crucial, as it not only influences the durability of the surface but also the welfare of our canine companions. Questions such as how long concrete should cure before dogs can walk on it and how long until you can walk on freshly poured concrete are not merely about waiting; they pertain to ensuring that the surface has achieved its optimal strength and safety. This understanding is vital, as it impacts everyday activities, including how long before you can drive on concrete or when it’s safe to walk on it without worry.

The importance of this topic goes beyond mere convenience; it encompasses the safety of both pets and their owners. Allowing dogs on new concrete too early can lead to paw injuries or allergic reactions, while premature use can mar the surface with unsightly paw prints. Thus, as we explore the details of how long before dogs can walk on concrete, it’s essential to weigh both the material’s physical characteristics and the health considerations for our furry friends. This comprehensive perspective ensures that when you and your pet step onto the concrete, you can do so with assurance, knowing that both the surface and their paws are adequately safeguarded.

How long before dogs can walk on new concrete?

Determining the right time for dogs to walk on newly poured concrete involves considering various factors, such as the type of cement utilized and the environmental conditions during the curing process. Typically, standard concrete mixtures need approximately 24 to 48 hours to set adequately before they can support foot traffic. In contrast, quick-set concrete mixes can significantly shorten this waiting period, sometimes allowing pets to walk on the surface within just a few hours.

1. Standard Concrete Curing Time:

  • How long before dogs can walk on concrete? For standard concrete mixes, a minimum wait of 24 hours is recommended under optimal weather conditions.
  • Curing times can be influenced by temperature and humidity; cooler temperatures may extend the required waiting period.

2. Quick-Set Concrete:

  • Quick-set cements are designed to harden swiftly, allowing for potential pet access within 4 to 6 hours.
  • Always check the manufacturer’s guidelines, as each product may have specific curing instructions.

3. Variables Affecting Curing Time:

For pet owners, ensuring the safety of their dogs is of utmost importance. Although it may be tempting to allow access sooner, it is essential to wait until the concrete has fully cured to avoid any risk of harm to your pet or damage to the surface.

Allowing dogs on concrete that hasn’t dried completely can lead to paw irritation or allergic reactions, as well as unsightly marks like paw prints embedded in the surface.

In conclusion, while quick-set concrete provides a faster option, the standard waiting time for most concrete surfaces should generally be at least 24 hours. When possible, it is wise to wait a full 48 hours or adhere to the manufacturer’s recommendations.

This approach ensures that your dog’s experience on the new concrete is safe for both the surface and your beloved pet.

Factors Influencing Concrete Curing Time for Dogs

Understanding the curing time of concrete is essential for pet owners who wish to allow their dogs to walk on newly poured surfaces. Various factors contribute to how long it takes for concrete to cure adequately, ensuring both the safety of pets and the durability of the pathway.

1. Type of Cement:

  • Quick-set concrete options generally cure more rapidly than standard mixtures.
  • Different additives or specialized formulations can significantly impact the overall curing duration.

2. Environmental Conditions:

  • Temperature: Warmer conditions can expedite curing, while cooler temperatures may prolong the process.
  • Humidity: Elevated humidity levels can hinder drying, whereas lower humidity may facilitate it.
  • Wind: Breezy conditions can either cool the concrete and slow its curing or assist in moisture evaporation, speeding up the process.

3. Thickness of the Pour:

  • Thicker concrete slabs require more time to cure due to the greater volume of material.
  • The waiting period for a concrete patio may differ from that of a walkway because of these thickness variations.

4. Moisture in the Mix:

  • The water content in the concrete mix influences curing time; a higher water ratio typically leads to a longer curing period.

5. Surface Treatments:

  • Sealed concrete necessitates additional curing time before it is suitable for pet use.
  • Surface treatments can trap moisture, further affecting the readiness of the concrete for foot traffic.

6. Concrete Quality:

  • Concrete of superior quality, with a well-balanced mix, tends to cure within a more predictable timeframe.
  • Determining how long before dogs can walk on concrete also hinges on the consistency and techniques used during installation.

7. External Factors:

  • Covering the concrete with plastic can help retain moisture and regulate the curing process.
  • Weather conditions, such as rain, can extend the necessary curing time.

It is crucial for pet owners to allow the concrete to fully cure to prevent potential health issues for their dogs, such as paw irritation or chemical burns from uncured surfaces.

Additionally, to preserve the integrity of the new concrete, it is important to avoid any premature foot traffic.

Considering these various factors, consulting with the concrete supplier can provide valuable insights into the specific product used and the environmental conditions affecting curing time. This knowledge will help determine the appropriate waiting period before allowing dogs on new concrete.

Ultimately, a range of factors must be evaluated to establish when it is safe for dogs to walk on freshly poured concrete. Exercising patience and adhering to the recommended waiting period—typically between 24 to 48 hours for standard concrete—ensures both the safety of your pet and the longevity of your new pathway or driveway.

Person smoothing wet concrete with a long-handled float on a fresh slab.
How long until you can walk on concrete? Depends on concrete thickness, weather, etc. 

How long before dogs can walk on sealed concrete?

For sealed concrete, the duration before it is safe for dogs to traverse the surface goes beyond just the initial curing period of the concrete itself.

The sealing process adds a protective layer that safeguards the concrete from damage, moisture, and staining.

The time needed for sealed concrete to be ready for pets can fluctuate based on the type of sealant applied and various environmental conditions.

1. Sealant Type:

  • Water-based sealants generally dry more quickly than their solvent-based counterparts, allowing dogs to walk on these surfaces within approximately 24 hours.
  • Solvent-based sealants often require a longer drying period, typically up to 48 hours, before they are deemed safe for pets.

2. Sealant Application Thickness:

  • A thicker layer of sealant will necessitate a longer drying time.
  • It’s essential to adhere to the manufacturer’s guidelines for the specific sealant used.

3. Temperature and Humidity:

  • Warmer temperatures and lower humidity can accelerate the drying of the sealant.
  • In contrast, cooler temperatures combined with high humidity may extend the drying duration.

4. Ventilation:

  • Proper airflow can enhance the curing speed of the sealant, though this can differ based on whether the area is indoors or outdoors.

Taking these factors into account, it is generally recommended to keep dogs off sealed concrete for a minimum of 48 to 72 hours to ensure that the sealant has adequately dried, thus preventing any health risks to your pet or potential damage to the sealant.

This waiting period allows the concrete to set fully, ensures proper bonding of the sealant, and eliminates any residual toxicity that could harm your furry friend.

Always consult the specific instructions for the sealant you have chosen to determine the precise waiting time necessary.

Precautions to Take Before Allowing Dogs on Concrete Walkways

Prior to permitting dogs to traverse concrete paths, especially those that are newly poured or recently sealed, it is essential to implement specific precautions to safeguard both their well-being and the integrity of the surface.

The following guidelines should be adhered to:

1. Ensure Proper Curing and Drying:

  • Confirm that the concrete has had sufficient time to cure—typically at least 24 to 48 hours for standard mixes.
  • For sealed surfaces, adhere to the manufacturer’s recommendations, which usually suggest a waiting period of 48 to 72 hours.

2. Assess Surface Condition:

  • Inspect the surface for any sticky residues that might adhere to your dog’s paws.
  • Look for cracks or chips that could pose a risk of injury or indicate improper curing.

3. Consider Environmental Factors:

  • Steer clear of allowing dogs on hot concrete during summer, as it can cause burns to their paws.
  • In colder regions, be wary of icy or slick surfaces that could endanger both pets and their owners.

4. Gradual Introduction:

  • When first introducing your dog to a new concrete area, observe their behavior to ensure they are comfortable.
  • Commence with brief walks to help them acclimate to the new surface.

5. Paw Protection:

  • Consider outfitting your dog with booties or applying paw balm to shield their feet from harsh surfaces or chemicals.
  • After walks, routinely check your dog’s paws for any signs of injury or irritation.

6. Safety After Sealing:

  • Ensure that all fumes have dissipated from sealed walkways before allowing your dog access to the area.
  • Keep your dog away from any tools or materials used during the sealing process that may contain harmful residues.

7. Maintain Cleanliness and Hydration:

  • Regularly clean the walkway to remove any potentially harmful substances like oil or antifreeze that could be licked off paws.
  • Always provide fresh water for your dog after walks on concrete, particularly on hot days, to prevent overheating.

By following these precautions, pet owners can help ensure that their dogs remain safe and healthy when enjoying walks on concrete surfaces.

It is prudent to err on the side of caution and allow additional time before permitting pets on new or treated concrete to avert any possible risks.

How to Safeguard Your Dog’s Paws on Concrete Walks

Concrete surfaces can be harsh on a dog’s paws, especially during extreme weather conditions or if the surface is uneven. To ensure your furry friend remains comfortable while strolling on concrete walkways, consider the following strategies:

1. Protective Footwear:

  • Invest in dog booties to shield against rough surfaces. These not only provide protection from abrasions but also help insulate paws during temperature extremes.
  • Ensure that any footwear fits snugly to prevent discomfort and allow your dog to walk naturally.

2. Paw Care Products:

  • Utilize paw pad moisturizers or balms specifically formulated for dogs to keep their pads soft and less susceptible to cracking or injury.
  • Regular application of these products is essential, particularly for dogs that frequently walk on concrete.

3. Regular Paw Checks:

  • After each outing, inspect your dog’s paws for any signs of damage, such as cuts, cracks, or debris lodged between their pads.
  • Rinse their paws with clean water to eliminate any concrete dust or irritants.

4. Smart Walking Times:

  • Avoid walking on concrete during the hottest parts of the day to prevent paw burns; early mornings or evenings are preferable when surfaces are cooler.
  • In winter, be vigilant about ice and snow, which can cause frostbite on unprotected paws and may conceal harmful substances like salt or antifreeze.

5. Gradual Exposure:

  • If your dog is unfamiliar with concrete, slowly increase the duration of walks to help their paws adjust.
  • This gradual acclimatization can minimize the risk of soreness or injury.

6. Ongoing Paw Maintenance:

  • Regularly trim your dog’s nails to prevent discomfort that can lead to an unnatural gait, which is particularly problematic on hard surfaces.
  • Keep the fur between their toes trimmed to avoid painful matting and the accumulation of ice or debris.

7. Choosing the Right Path:

  • Select smooth, well-maintained paths that are free from debris, chemicals, and sharp objects.
  • If you encounter a rough patch of concrete, guide your dog around it to prevent potential paw injuries.

By implementing these recommendations, you can help ensure your dog’s paws stay healthy and protected while they enjoy the many advantages of walking on concrete paths. Being proactive and attentive to your dog’s needs will allow them to accompany you safely on walks through diverse environments.

Concrete can be tough on a dog’s paws, particularly in extreme temperatures or when the surface is rough. Here’s a guide to keeping your dog’s paws safe while enjoying a stroll on concrete walkways:

Signs of Discomfort or Injury in Dogs Walking on Concrete

When you take your dog out for walks on concrete, it’s essential to monitor their comfort closely and be alert for any signs of discomfort or injury.

Here are some indicators that your canine companion might be struggling with the concrete surface:

1. Limping or Reluctance to Walk:

  • A dog that hesitates to continue walking or exhibits limping may be experiencing soreness or an injury due to the hard surface.

2. Frequent Paw Lifting:

  • If your dog frequently lifts or holds up their paws, it could indicate discomfort from extreme temperatures or pain from sharp objects.

3. Visible Paw Damage:

  • Inspect for cuts, scrapes, or signs of wear on the paw pads that may suggest the concrete is too abrasive.
  • Burns from hot concrete or irritation from cold surfaces can present as redness or blistering.

4. Excessive Licking or Chewing:

  • Dogs often lick or chew their paws when they are in pain or if something uncomfortable, like concrete dust or small pebbles, is bothering them.

5. Changes in Behavior:

  • If your dog, typically eager for walks, suddenly shows reluctance, it may be due to discomfort from the walking surface.

6. Paw Pad Discoloration:

  • Dark spots or changes in color on the pads might indicate bruising or other injuries.

7. Whining or Vocalizing:

  • Any vocal signs of discomfort, such as whining or yelping, should be taken seriously, especially during or after walking on concrete.

Additional Considerations:

  • When determining how long before you can walk on fresh concrete, remember that your dog’s paws may be more sensitive than human feet to newly poured surfaces.
  • The query of how long before dogs can walk on sealed concrete involves not just the surface being dry but also ensuring that any harmful chemicals have fully dissipated.
  • If you’re managing repairs, such as how to fix footprints in concrete, keep your dog away from the work area until it is completely safe for them to traverse.
  • For those with new driveways, knowing how long to stay off a new concrete driveway is crucial to prevent your dog from sustaining injuries from uncured surfaces.

In summary, always remain attentive to your dog’s behavior and physical signs after walking on concrete.

If you observe any concerns, provide immediate care and consult a veterinarian if you suspect serious injuries.

Being vigilant about how your dog interacts with their walking environment and taking preventative measures will help ensure their paws remain protected.

Dirt path meanders through a dense green forest
If your problem is dogs running on concete, take them out in the park or something.

Ensuring Concrete Surfaces Are Safe for Your Canine Companions

Maintaining concrete surfaces to ensure they are safe for dogs involves regular upkeep and attention to detail. This not only protects your furry friend from potential injuries but also extends the lifespan of your concrete pathways. Here are some practical tips to keep your concrete surfaces dog-friendly.

  • Regularly inspect the concrete for cracks or sharp edges that could injure your dog’s paws. Address any damage promptly to prevent further deterioration.
  • Apply a pet-safe sealant to protect the concrete from stains and wear. Make sure the sealant is fully cured before allowing your dog to walk on it.
  • Keep the surface clean by sweeping away debris and washing it down with water to remove dust and dirt that can irritate your dog’s paws.
  • During hot weather, cool the concrete with water before walks to prevent burns. Alternatively, walk your dog during cooler parts of the day.
  • Use pet-safe deicers in winter to avoid chemical burns from traditional salt products. These are less harmful to paws and prevent concrete damage.
  • Consider adding non-slip mats or rugs in areas where your dog frequently walks to provide extra traction and comfort.
  • Trim your dog’s nails regularly to prevent them from catching on rough surfaces, which can lead to discomfort or injury.

Why Regular Maintenance Matters

Regular maintenance of concrete surfaces is crucial not only for the safety of your dog but also for the longevity of the walkway. By keeping the surface smooth and clean, you reduce the risk of injury and ensure a pleasant walking experience for your pet.

Keeping Your Dog’s Paws Safe on Hot Pavement

Hot pavement can be a real hazard for your dog’s paws, especially during the summer months. The heat can cause burns and discomfort, making it crucial to take preventive measures. Here are some practical tips to ensure your furry friend’s feet stay safe and comfortable when walking on hot surfaces.

  • Walk your dog during cooler times of the day, such as early morning or late evening, to avoid the peak heat.
  • Test the pavement temperature with your hand or foot; if it’s too hot for you, it’s too hot for your dog.
  • Consider using dog booties to provide a protective barrier between your dog’s paws and the hot ground.
  • Apply paw wax or balm to help protect and moisturize your dog’s pads, reducing the risk of burns.
  • Keep your dog on grassy or shaded paths whenever possible to minimize direct contact with hot pavement.
  • Encourage your dog to take frequent breaks in shaded areas to allow their paws to cool down.
  • Always carry water for both you and your dog to keep them hydrated and help cool their paws if needed.

Why Protection Matters

Protecting your dog’s paws from hot pavement is not just about comfort; it’s about preventing serious injuries. Burns can lead to infections and long-term damage, so taking these precautions is essential for your pet’s well-being.

Pet-Friendly Alternatives to Concrete Walkways

Although concrete is widely recognized for its durability in constructing walkways, it may not always be the most suitable option for dogs due to its rigid surface and susceptibility to temperature extremes.

Here are several alternatives that can offer a more comfortable experience for your dog’s paws:

1. Grass and Natural Earth Paths:

  • Paths made of grass or soil provide a softer walking surface, which helps minimize the risk of injuries to paw pads.
  • These natural surfaces tend to remain cooler during hot weather, making them ideal for summer strolls.

2. Wood Chips or Bark Mulch:

  • Walkways constructed from wood chips or bark mulch create a cushioned environment that is gentle on paws.
  • Ensure that the material is free from sharp fragments that could potentially harm your dog.

3. Rubberized or Synthetic Tracks:

  • Many parks feature rubberized or synthetic walking tracks designed for athletic activities, which are also beneficial for dogs.
  • These surfaces offer excellent traction and are easier on joints compared to concrete.

4. Pea Gravel:

  • Paths made of pea gravel present a softer alternative to concrete. The small, smooth stones are gentle on paws and facilitate good drainage.
  • Opt for rounded gravel to avoid any risk of injury from sharp edges.

5. Sand:

  • Walking on sand can provide a great workout for dogs, engaging their muscles more effectively than harder surfaces. Additionally, it is softer and cooler on their paws.
  • However, be cautious of hot sand under direct sunlight, as it can become as harmful as heated concrete.

6. Paver Stones with Grass Infill:

  • Paver stones arranged with gaps for grass to grow create a pathway that combines the strength of stone with the softness of grass.
  • This design ensures a stable yet gentle surface for your dog.

7. Artificial Turf:

  • High-quality artificial turf can replicate the feel of natural grass while requiring minimal maintenance. It is soft on paws and remains cooler in sunlight.
  • Choose turf specifically designed for pets, as it is easier to clean and more resilient.

8. Decomposed Granite:

  • Decomposed granite provides a compact surface that is softer than concrete while still offering good drainage and durability.
  • This material is a favored choice for dog-friendly landscapes and walking paths.

When selecting an alternative to concrete for your dog’s walking areas, take into account your dog’s unique needs and preferences, the local climate, and the upkeep required for the chosen material.

Each alternative presents its own advantages and considerations, but all can contribute to a more pleasant and enjoyable walking experience for your furry friend.

Tips for Maintaining Concrete Walkways for Dogs

Caring for Concrete Paths for Your Canine Companions

To guarantee that concrete walkways remain safe and enjoyable for dogs, regular maintenance is essential. Here are some effective strategies to keep your concrete paths in excellent shape for your furry companions:

1. Routine Cleaning:

  • Regularly sweep the walkway to eliminate debris, leaves, and dirt that could harm your dog’s paws.
  • Periodically wash the concrete using a hose or pressure washer to remove stains and built-up grime.

2. Prompt Stain Management:

  • Immediately address any spills or stains to prevent the concrete from absorbing harmful substances, such as antifreeze or oil, that could endanger your dog.

3. Seal the Surface:

  • Applying a sealant can shield the concrete from wear, simplify cleaning, and prevent the absorption of hazardous materials.
  • Ensure the sealant has fully cured before allowing your dog to walk on it, typically waiting 48 to 72 hours post-application.

4. Timely Repairs:

  • Address any cracks or chips in the concrete promptly to prevent them from worsening.
  • Smooth repairs help avoid injuries to your dog’s paws and deter weeds from making the surface uneven.

5. Temperature Considerations:

  • During hot weather, cool the concrete with water before allowing your dog to walk on it to prevent paw burns.
  • Consider adding shaded areas along the walkway to protect both the concrete and your dog from excessive heat.

6. Opt for Pet-Safe Deicers:

  • In winter, use pet-safe deicing products to prevent ice buildup on the concrete, as traditional salt and chemical deicers can harm your dog’s paws and degrade the concrete over time.

7. Watch for Slippery Spots:

  • Be vigilant for slippery areas when wet, such as those affected by algae, and treat them to prevent falls for both you and your dog.

8. Limit Heavy Loads:

  • Avoid allowing heavy vehicles or equipment on the walkway, as excessive weight can crack the concrete and create unsafe conditions.

9. Educate on Proper Use:

  • Discourage children and others from using hard objects to draw on the concrete, as this can scratch or gouge the surface, posing hazards for bare paws.

By adhering to these maintenance suggestions, you can ensure that your concrete walkways remain a safe and enjoyable path for your dogs for years to come.

Keeping the surface clean, smooth, and well-protected not only enhances your property’s appearance but also promotes the well-being of your four-legged family members.

Conclusion: Creating a Safe and Enjoyable Concrete Experience for Your Dog

Ultimately, the health and happiness of our furry friends are paramount when they accompany us on concrete walks. By implementing the maintenance strategies discussed, you can foster a safe and comfortable environment that caters to the unique needs of dogs.

Understanding how long before dogs can walk on new concrete and the timeline for walking on sealed concrete are crucial aspects that significantly impact their safety.

Ensuring that concrete surfaces are fully cured and properly sealed before introducing your dog is vital to prevent potential paw damage and to maintain the longevity of the walkway.

Moreover, being aware of the signs of discomfort or injury in dogs walking on concrete is essential for addressing any issues early.

From protective gear for paws to regular upkeep of walkways, every action taken contributes to the health and happiness of our canine companions.

Whether enjoying a leisurely evening stroll or a brisk morning walk, the aim is to relish these moments without concerns about the surfaces we choose.

By prioritizing the curing time of concrete and proactively maintaining it, we not only protect our pets’ physical well-being but also ensure the structural integrity of our walkways.

Questions regarding how long before you can walk on fresh concrete and how long before you can drive on 4000 psi concrete reflect a deeper understanding of concrete properties and their influence on daily activities.

As responsible pet owners, our duties extend beyond just walking our dogs; they include creating safe path for every paw step taken on concrete surfaces.

Let’s make certain that our concrete walks are always a source of joy and exploration for our dogs, balancing durable construction with pet-friendly considerations.

When to Call in the Pros: Getting Professional Help for Your Concrete Walkways

Sometimes, tackling a concrete project on your own can be overwhelming, especially when it involves ensuring the safety of your furry friends. Knowing when to call in professional help can save you time, money, and potential headaches. Here’s when it might be wise to bring in the experts for your concrete walkways.

  • Complex Projects: If your walkway design includes intricate patterns or requires special finishes, a professional can ensure the job is done right without compromising on quality.
  • Large Areas: Large-scale projects can be physically demanding and require specialized equipment. Professionals have the tools and manpower to handle these efficiently.
  • Uncertain Ground Conditions: If your property has uneven terrain or poor soil conditions, a pro can assess and prepare the site properly to prevent future issues.
  • Time Constraints: If you’re on a tight schedule, hiring a professional can expedite the process, ensuring your walkway is ready for use sooner.
  • Safety Concerns: If you’re worried about the safety of your pets or family during the construction process, a professional can implement the necessary precautions to keep everyone safe.
  • Sealing and Finishing: Properly sealing and finishing concrete can be tricky. Professionals know the right products and techniques to use for a durable, pet-friendly surface.
  • Repair and Maintenance: If your existing concrete walkway has cracks or damage, a professional can provide effective repair solutions to extend its lifespan and maintain safety.

Benefits of Hiring a Professional

Hiring a professional not only brings expertise but also peace of mind. They can navigate potential pitfalls that a DIY enthusiast might overlook, ensuring a smooth and successful project. Additionally, professionals often offer warranties on their work, providing an extra layer of security for your investment.

Conclusion

In summary, understanding the curing process of concrete is essential for pet owners to ensure the safety and comfort of their dogs. By waiting the appropriate amount of time—typically 24 to 48 hours for standard concrete—owners can prevent potential injuries to their pets and maintain the integrity of the surface.

Additionally, factors such as the type of cement and environmental conditions play a significant role in determining when it is safe for dogs to walk on new concrete. By taking necessary precautions and monitoring their pets for signs of discomfort, owners can create a safe outdoor environment that benefits both their furry friends and the longevity of their concrete pathways. Ultimately, a little patience and knowledge can go a long way in ensuring enjoyable walks on durable surfaces.

FAQ

Can I use mats or surfaces on top of the concrete to protect my dog’s paws?

Yes, if you place non-slip mats or soft surfaces over the concrete, it can help cushion your dog’s paws and provide better traction.

What should I do if my dog shows signs of discomfort after walking on concrete?

Yes, if your dog exhibits signs of discomfort, you should immediately check their paws for injuries and consult a veterinarian if necessary.

How can I tell if the concrete is fully cured without waiting the full time?

No—it’s best to rely on the recommended curing times, but you can check for a hard surface and minimal moisture before allowing your dog on it.

Are there any specific dog breeds that are more sensitive to walking on concrete?

Yes, if your dog is a breed with sensitive paws or a predisposition to joint issues, they may require extra care when walking on concrete surfaces.